Traditional Papua New Guinean musical instruments are primitive and fall mainly into the percussion and wind categories.
The hand drum or kundu is the pillar of musical performances or "sing sings" and there are hundreds of different varieties based on a common design: a hollowed-out log fashioned into an hourglass shape, with a reptile skin stretched over one end as the resonant membrane. The reptile skin (usually goanna or crocodile) is softened in water, stretched over the mouth of the drum and glued in place with tree sap, then bound firmly at the rim with cane.
Pieces of beeswax are attached to the skin to modulate the sound: the wax pieces are moved around until the right pitch is attained.
Kundus range from lightweight 10-inch miniatures which are tapped with two fingers, up to large (and heavy) 50-inch drums which are beaten with the whole hand.
Slit gong drums known as garamuts (left) are made of hollowed logs or tree trunks slit longitudinally along one side and beaten with sticks. Very large garamuts (up to 6 feet long) are used to summon people to meetings, to pass messages to nearby villages, and to perform rituals. Medium-sized and smaller garamut drums are portable and can accompany performers to sing sings and cultural shows.
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